Thought Leadership Discussion: How Solvency Opinions May Reduce the Risk of Fraudulent Transfer Exposure in Leveraged Transactions
A constructive fraudulent transfer occurs where the transferor receives less than “reasonably equivalent value” in exchange for the transfer and the transferor is either (1) insolvent on the date of such transfer; (2) engaged in a business or transaction for which any property remaining with the transferor has unreasonably small capital; or (3) intended to incur, or believed it would incur, debts that would be beyond its ability to repay as such debts matured. A constructive fraudulent transfer may be avoided under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and applicable state law. Leveraged transactions, in particular, give rise to constructive fraudulent transfer risk. An independent, third-party solvency analysis—prepared at the time of the leveraged transaction—can be useful in defending against such a fraudulent transfer claim.
Financial Considerations for Boards and Trustees in ESOP Sponsor Company Sale Transactions
Merger and acquisition (“M&A”) transactions are often highly anticipated and sometimes highly controversial events for companies in both the public market and the private market. Companies commit significant time and resources to sourcing and structuring the appropriate deal. The presence of an employee stock ownership plan (“ESOP”) at the target company adds a layer of complexity to the M&A transaction. As a fiduciary under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), the ESOP trustee has an important role to perform with respect to reviewing a proposed transaction. This discussion focuses on the roles of the sponsor company board and the ESOP trustee when a sponsor company sale is being considered. This discussion also focuses on the role of the trustees’ financial adviser in reviewing the financial aspects of the proposed M&A transaction.
Best Practices Discussion: Disputes and Litigation in Merger and Acquisition Transactions
Merger and acquisition (“M&A”) transactions are often complex, and such transactions can result in a dispute between the buyer and the seller. Two of the more frequently disputed components of M&A transactions involve (1) transaction price earnout provisions and (2) post-closing purchase price adjustments. This discussion addresses (1) the advantages and disadvantages of various M&A transaction structures, (2) typical types of earnout provision and post-closing price adjustment disputes, and (3) transaction structuring and transaction procedures to minimize the likelihood of M&A transaction disputes and litigation.
The Roles of the Investment Banker and the Valuation Analyst in M&A Transactions and Litigation
Valuation analysts (“analysts”) are often retained to provide testifying expert services in disputes related to merger and acquisition (“M&A”) transactions. Such analysts may also provide transaction fairness opinions as part of the M&A deal process. This discussion focuses on the roles of the investment banker and the valuation analyst—both during the M&A transaction and after the M&A transaction. This discussion also considers flaws in the M&A process and, particularly, in the transaction fairness opinion that can lead to posttransaction shareholder litigation. Lastly, this discussion considers how various courts have viewed the fairness of certain M&A transactions that suffered from a flawed process.
Financial Adviser Due Diligence Related to Financial Information Used in a Fairness Opinion Analysis
Financial advisers prepare fairness opinions related to a variety of different transactions. An often overlooked component of the fairness opinion analysis is the due diligence process that financial advisers conduct with respect to the target company historical financial information (“HFI”) and prospective financial information (“PFI”). It is only after performing sufficient due diligence that the financial adviser can apply the appropriate methods and procedures to opine on the fairness of a particular transaction. This discussion summarizes the typical due diligence that a financial adviser conducts on the target company’s HFI and PFI when the adviser renders a fairness opinion.
A Survey of Recent Judicial Decisions Involving Fairness Opinions
Over the years, disclosures related to fairness opinions have become a focus of shareholder claims against the target company, and the target company board, in connection with a proposed merger or acquisition transaction. This discussion summarizes the regime governing disclosures related to fairness opinions. In addition, this discussion identifies and summarizes recent judicial decisions that address fairness opinion issues.
Recent Trends in Delaware Chancery Court Appraisal Rights Cases
There are many U.S. federal and state laws that are designed to protect the rights of company shareholders—particularly noncontrolling shareholders (i.e., shareholders that otherwise lack significant influence over company decisions). Dissenting shareholder appraisal rights statutes provide protection to company shareholders in certain cases. These statutes can be developed and enforced both federally and state-by-state, and are typically designed to protect noncontrolling shareholders’ financial interests in the case of a company change of control transaction. In recent years, the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Delaware Chancery Court”) has decided several shareholder appraisal rights cases. In these decisions, certain trends have developed in terms of how the Delaware Chancery Court has ruled on this often-controversial area of corporate law. This discussion provides an overview of some of the more recent trends in valuation-focused appraisal rights opinions that have been decided by the Delaware Chancery Court.
Litigation Insights from Ryan, a Shareholder Oppression Decision
This discussion presents an insider perspective on the largest valuation-related judicial decision in Nebraska state court history.1 This judicial decision is also considered to be the second-largest forced buyout in U.S. history.2 This matter involved substantial value opinion differences that pitted two well-known valuation firms against each other. In Ryan, the two valuation firms basically applied the same methodology but had differences of opinion related to (1) financial projections, (2) expected long-term growth rate assumptions, (3) selection of a modified capital asset pricing model equity size-premium, (4) selection of an unsystematic company risk premium, (5) the relevance of a failed merger and acquisition sales process, (6) application and selection of guideline public company pricing multiples, and (7) application of a tax pass-through entity valuation adjustment. In the end, the court accepted one value conclusion in full, and rejected the other value conclusion because it was found to be unreliable.
The Use of the Credit Shelter Trust in the Time of Portability
The credit shelter trust has been a widely used tax savings tool for estates that exceed the exclusion amount. However, the use of credit shelter trusts has grown out of favor ever since the U.S. Congress amended the Internal Revenue Code to allow for the portability of a spouse’s unused exclusion amount. This discussion analyzes the continued use of a credit shelter trust in conjunction with the unlimited marital deduction in order to achieve estate tax savings for estates that hold appreciating assets.
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